Short Bibliography

 [1] R. W. Moskowitz, “The burden of osteoarthritis: clinical and quality-of-life issues,” The American Journal of Managed Care, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. S223–S229, 2009.

 [2] F. J. Blanco, R. Guitian, E. Vázquez-Martul, F. J. De Toro, and F. Galdo, “Osteoarthritis chondrocytes die by apoptosis: a possible pathway for osteoarthritis pathology,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 284–289, 1998.

 [3] J. A. Buckwalter and T. D. Brown, “Joint injury, repair, and remodelling: roles in post-traumatic osteoarthritis,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, no. 423, pp. 7–16, 2004.

 [4] J. Martel-Pelletier, “Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis,” Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, vol. 12, supplement, pp. S31–S33, 2004.

 [5] Arthritis in Canada - An Ongoing Challenge, Public Health Agency of Canada. Ottawa, 2003, (Cat. #H39-4/14-2003E), 124p. www.publichealth.gc.ca

 [6] In Vitro and Experimental Animal Research on Arthroscopic Laser, Treatment of Cartilage Setup Near to Clinical Application Conditions,  B. E. GERBER · M. ZIMMER · T. ASSHAUER ·  S. PREISS ·  M. NORBERG ·  G. DELACRFTAZ ·  H. PRATISTO ·  M. FRENZ. Lasers in the Musculoskeletal System. B. E. Gerber, M. Knight, W. E. Sibert. Springer, ISBN 3-540-63761-3, 2001.

 [7] P. Ravussin, Comparison between arthroscopic ablating instruments, internal publication for CTI start-up, Laserix sarl, 05-12-09

 [8] Edwards, R.B., Uthamanthil, R.K., Bogdanske J.J., Athanasiou, K.A., Markel M.D.: Comparison of mechanical debridement and radiofrequency energy for chondroplasty in an in vivo equine model of partial thickness cartilage injury Osteoartritis and Cartilage 2007 15, 169-178

[9] Edwards, R.B., Lu, Y., Cole,B.J., Muir, P., Markel,M.D.: Comparison of radiofrequency treatment and mechanical debridement of fibrillated cartilage in an equine model Vet Comp Orthop Traumatiol 2008; 1: 41-8

[10] Uthamanthil, R.K., Edwards, R.B., Lu, Y., Manley, P.A., Athanasiou, K.A., Markel, M.D.: In Vivo Study on the Short-Term Effect of Radiofrequency Energy on

[11] Ryan, A., Bertone, A.L., Kaeding, C.C., Backstrom, K.C., Weidsbrode, S.E.: The Effects of Radiofrequency Energy Treatment on Chondrocytes and Matrix of Fibrillated Articular cartilage Am J Sports Med 2003 3, 386-91

[12] Lotto, M. L., Emma M.S., Wright, J., Appleby,D., Zelicof,S.B., Lemos,M,J., Lubowitz, J.H.: Ex Vivo Comparison of Mechanical Versus Thermal Chondroplasty: Assessment of Tissue Effect at the Surgical Endpoint Arthroscopy 2008 4, 410-5

[13] David Amiel,D., Ball,S.T., Tasto,J.P.: Chondrocyte Viability and Metabolic Activity After Treatment of Bovine Articular Cartilage With Bipolar Radiofrequency: An In Vitro Study Arthroscopy 2004 5, 503-10

[14] Meister,J., Franzen,R., Gavenis,K., Zaum,M., Stanzel,S.,Gutknecht,N.,Schmidt-RohlfingB.: Ablation of Articular Cartilage with an Erbium:YAG Laser: An Ex Vivo Study Using Porcine Models Under Real Conditions-Ablation Measurement and Histological Examination Lasers in Surg and Med 2009 9, 674-85

[15] Youn,J.1., Sweet,P., Peavy,G.M., Venugopalan,V.: Mid-IR Laser Ablation of Articular and Fibro-Cartilage: A Wavelength Dependence Study of Thermal Injury and Crater Morphology Lasers in Surg and Med 2006 3, 218-28

[16] P. Ravussin, Compendium of  CTI 9012.1 PFLS-LS  project Reports, Cartilex for precise hyaline cartilage surface removal: tissue coloration combined with diode laser– a feasibility study, internal publication for CTI. 2009, 109p.

[17] Frisbie, D.D., Cross, M.W., McIIwraith, C.W.: A comparative study of articular cartilage thickness in the stifle of animal species used in human per-clinical studies compared to articular cartilage thickness in the human knee Vet Comp Orthop Traumatiol 2006; 19: 142-6

[18] C. W. McIlwraith, D.D. Frisbie, Animal Models for Cartilage Regeneration

Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA, 

European Cells and Materials Vol. 20. Suppl. 2, 2010 (page 22),                                             ISSN 1473-2262

[19] Michael J. O'Malley and Constance R. Chu, Arthroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography in Diagnosis of Early Arthritis, Minimally Invasive Surgery, Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 671308, 6 pages,

 [20] Krishnan S, Rangayyan RM, Bell GD, Frank CB, Ladly KO., Adaptive filtering, modelling and classification of knee joint vibroarthrographic signals for non-invasive diagnosis of articular cartilage pathology, Med Biol Eng Comput. 1997 Nov;35(6):677-84.

Vocabulary

 Chondrocytes  are the only living cells found in articular cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix,

Type-II collagen is the basis for hyaline cartilage. It makes up 50% of all protein in “ordinary” cartilage and 85-90% of collagen of articular cartilage. Type II collagen does form fibers. This fibrillar network of collagen allows cartilage to entrap the proteoglycan aggregate as well as provide tensile strength to the tissue.

 Proteoglycans (PGs), along with collagen type II and chondrocyte cells, make up the major part of articular cartilage. Aggrecan is the name of the large aggregating chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan. Aggrecan forms an enormous supramolecular structure together with hyaluronan and another protein in articular cartilage tissues. It attracts water and provides articular cartilage with its major function of resisting compressional forces.